Introduction To Revenue Management Tourism Essay Example

Introduction To Revenue Management Tourism Essay Example Introduction To Revenue Management Tourism Essay Introduction To Revenue Management Tourism Essay the conceiver to today s Revenue Management. American and other air hoses refined and extended their Output Management capablenesss during the early old ages of deregulating, finally giving them the ability monetary value every place on every flight for maximal value, selling low cost seats to price- sensitive travelers and high-cost seats to time-sensitive travellers. The impact and benefits of these accomplishments was apparent to all perceivers that, in late 1985, is recognized as American 48 % net incomes growing to gross growing of 14.5 % , while the low-priced rivals People s Express was shed blooding clients and hard currency. These fiscal consequences and overpowering competitory advantage attracted a batch of attending from a batch of industries. Cruise lines, auto leases companies and hotel companies started to measure the benefits of following Yield direction as a concern scheme. Early adoptive parents in the hotel infinite included Marriott International, Holiday Inns Worldwide ( now Intercontinental ) , Hilton Hotels Corporation and ITC Sheraton. ( Prism. Travel A ; leisure consulting ) ( Talluri A ; Van Ryzin, 2005 ) 3. REVENUE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Gross direction schemes consists of designation of clients sections and the constitution of merchandises targeted at those sections. Important component of gross direction which is followed by assorted hotels and air hoses is to split the client on the footing on either leisure client or concern client. This segregation helps the organisation to make a practical merchandise orientation towards different section. There are assorted gross schemes used by the organisation but the two chief categorization are as follows: Cost based Schemes Selling Schemes ( Cross, 1997 ) Cost Based Schemes: Cost and pricing based schemes is one of the simplest and concerned factors in an organisation because it consequences in pulling more figure of clients towards company therefore consequence in more gross gaining for the organisation. Most common scheme in this cost based scheme is cutting the monetary value of the merchandise and selling it on a higher monetary value. Merchandise cost is a really of import factor in an organisation. One of the of import strep that hotel has to take is to make the proper costing and at the same clip pricing as a manner of increasing gross is besides one of the most of import schemes that a hotel has to take. ( Cross, 1997 ) Marketing Based Schemes: Market is a topographic point where all the activities of exchange of goods and services take topographic point. Peoples ever want to cognize about the merchandise and services offered by the company or hotel. Selling schemes help the organisation to do programs for the hereafter and anticipate hereafter market conditions. This scheme assist the organisation to do the right determination at the right clip taking demand and supply into consideration and besides aid in cut downing the wastage of clip and money and the activities in selling. These schemes need assorted information and information sing the market before doing any schemes for e.g. demand of a peculiar merchandise, cancellation profitableness of a supply etc. ( Cross, 1997 ) Traditional Schemes: Booking Schemes: Booking schemes comes under marketing schemes of an organisation. Earlier the companies and organisation merely focused on giving on current engagements or booking which were already lying in the system. This is the ground why they did non take historic and future tendencies into consideration. These schemes were more of provider centric with accent on bring forthing lone gross and non concentrating on net income. As consequence of which these schemes used to take to gross loss. Example All the taking trade names of hotels earlier used to concentrate merely on the booking which they had with them in their system, instead than concentrating on future tactics of promoting and publication to increase the figure of engagements. Market Cleavage: It means spliting the market into sections. Markets are fundamentally divided in to two classs which are Business invitee and leisure invitee. Segmentation helps in spliting the penchants of the guest so that in can turn out to their satisfaction which might turn to their delightment and hence helps the organisation to increase their gross. Example: If there are two types of guest remaining in a hotel one time are concern invitee and the other is leisure invitee. Both of them will hold different demands like the concern invitee will demand for good Wi-Fi connectivity and the leisure invitee will demand for more luxury like soft bed, more pillows. So through this scheme we can segregate different penchants of different clients. Pricing Schemes: It s a cost based schemes. Hotels earlier followed a demand based pricing where pricing depends merely on the tenancy degrees of a peculiar hotel instead than other major factors which help in determing the most suited rate for a peculiar piece of concern. Example Assorted taking trade names of the hotels earlier used to repair their rates depending on their tenancy. This means if there is a season there monetary values will be high instead than concentrating on factors like what monetary values is offered by their rivals. Discounting: Discounting is cost based scheme. Dismissing refers to offering a peculiar merchandise to a invitee below its original monetary value. Traditionally assorted trade names of hotels used to supply price reduction, that is, selling a peculiar merchandise at a lesser monetary value instead than the fixed monetary value, it helps in pulling more figure of client. Example In a hotel if they are selling their suites at a lesser rate than the existent rate it will assist them in pulling more figure of invitees than the existent figure of people coming in their hotel because invitee will ever choose for best installations at lesser rate. Competitive Analysis: In a market scenario a hotel can a several figure of rivals It is a selling based scheme which means that if a hotel is given a room with a figure of installations at a fixed monetary value so the rival is besides giving the same figure of installations at a same monetary value or lesser monetary value. Example If Marriott hotel in a given metropolis is cut downing the room rate in order to pull more clients so the Taj and Oberoi group will besides follow the same tendency of cut downing the room rates. Marriott s so as to increase their clients and give tough competition and both the rivals will seek to market their merchandises by publicizing more selling strategies. ( Cross R. , 1997 ) ( Nagle A ; Hogan, 2006 ) Contemporary Schemes Channel Management schemes: In these type of schemes companies should track the channel through which they promote, advertises and their engagement comes into the hotel which can be either hotel s direct web site, direct hotel engagement or through 3rd party. This selling scheme helps to track the right channel and helps them in finding their selling spend for their channels. ( Nagle A ; Hogan, 2006 ) Examples If a hotel is acquiring maximal figure of booking through hotel s direct web site so hotel should put maximal sum of money in advertisement and advancing it s belongings through that channel instead than other channels. Entire Revenue Management Schemes: Gross direction can non merely be restricted to suites but can besides be applied to other sections of the hotels for e.g. eating house, watering place, retail mercantile establishment monetary values, feasts etc because now-a-days hotel industry is non restricted to suites merely there are other gross gaining sections excessively in the hotel. Example If we take the full Food N Beverage section, Banquets is the most gross gaining section therefore if more money is invested in this mercantile establishment it will assist in conveying batch of concern. Market Blending Scheme: With the altering tendencies, hotels now have realised the importance of marketing mix. Market commixture is the selling schemes which means look intoing what sort of patronage is coming into the hotel at what rate. It means a hotels need to understand what type of clientele prefers at that place hotel more and they should maintain the installations ready for that patronage in head. Example If a hotel gets more of concern patronages than luxury patronages, so the hotel must put more of gross on the installations which is suited for concern patronage. Bundling: Hotels now a yearss have other installations besides which are non to the full utilised therefore in order to use the full potency of those installations and increase the concern in those mercantile establishments. This make it hard for the invitee to find the monetary value of those extra installations provided. It is an cost based technique. Example Let s take a leisure invitee coming to Hotel Taj residence Aurangabad. Hotel in order to do concern added the service of take away packed nutrient and watering place in the bundle to be offered to the invitee. This will assist the hotel to do gross out of those installations and service as the invitees will non able to do out the existent monetary value of value added repasts and spa interventions. Rate fence Schemes: Hotels earlier used to follow a pricing technique based on what their rival is offering but now a twenty-four hours by using rate fence technique i.e. by bettering room trappings, free breakfast, airdrome choice up, better comfortss etc. Hotels let the guest choose the rate which is suited to them, as it helps them to pull more figure of client following a client centric scheme. Example If a invitee makes a reserve in the hotel and pays a reserve fee of Rs2500 and after few yearss he cancel the reserve so the hotel will cut a per centum of sum as per their recognition bound and non the full sum and the invitee will besides believe a just trade is done and he will prefer to come to the hotel which will assist in increasing the gross of the hotel. Up selling Scheme: Up merchandising is a Cost based Strategy followed by most of the taking trade name of hotels now a yearss. Up selling agencies offering the invitees a room of higher class and at the same point bear downing for the same unlike upgrading. This scheme helps in making more gross for the belongings and more avenues for guest satisfaction. This can be done either at the clip of booking or at the clip cheque in depending on the handiness of the class of suites. Example: If a household of four comes to the forepart desk and they have booked a room with one male monarch bed and pull-out sofa at that clip the forepart desk staff could up sell them to a higher class with two queen size bed and a pull out couch and bear downing for the same. 4. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Information engineering can be defined as the survey, design, application, execution, support or direction of computer-based information systems, peculiarly package and computing machine hardware. Information plays a really cardinal function in determination and scheme devising. Particularly sing cordial reception industry exchange of right information, at right clip and right clip helps in doing a batch of difference in determination and scheme devising. In earlier times people used to compose statements of their disbursals and general leger sheet manually but development of computing machines has changed the tendency. Particularly in hotel industry from the very clip of reserve till the client cheques out every minor item about the client is recorded and the information is available for the same. ( Information Technology in the Hospitality Industry ) Traditionally, hotels, most of which depends on the cards and paper system to maintain path of the invitees at their hotel. They had come mostly from understanding the demands of tourers and their ain attempts and staff to be prepared for possible overloading or long drouths of tenancy. The first country in which information engineering has become of import in footings of the dealing. Antique paper accounting was slow and inefficient, and could non state the proprietor of the hotel its current place. Fortunately, progresss in engineering help the proprietor to cognize the current place and what they have on manus, how much of it they have, and state you how much it costs. Most hotels trade names are familiar with booking suites and reserve over the phones, but information engineering has expanded beyond that. Hotels now-a-days can take reserve through assorted on-line travel companies and booking services to hold their suites booked online, with no demand to use expensive staff. This besides allows a hotel to publicize their unfastened suites and particular trades straight to the individual who is interested in purchasing them, alternatively of blowing batch of money advertisement in an unfocused mode. Better information engineering allows hotel for better agreement and direction of engagements in order to let a hotel to maximise tenancy and besides to cognize when the big groups and thin times are nearing. This allows a director o make necessary agreements sing impermanent staff, good times to restitute or spread out, or other concerns because h/she can find the conditions of the hotel presently and for the following few months with merely a few chin ks on the computing machine. ( Information Technology in the Hospitality Industry ) ( Shekhar, 2008 ) Choosing the right type of system is most of import for any hotel organisation. Most of the hotel organisation usage package which is made for hotels merely which are by and large called Property Management System ( PMS ) . PMS comprise of both front terminal and back terminal operation. Choosing the right system requires expertise and knowledge about the hotel operations. Normally, all systems comes with room division- with front office systems and housekeeping faculty, nutrient and drink division- with point of sale and back terminal system- with Accounting, Inventory, Human Resources. It s non necessary for the full hotels to hold this expensive computing machine system. Many large operations require assorted interfacing such as Telephone, Internet, Interactive Television, door lockup system, Yield direction, Global distribution system, Visa/Master card etc. All these can be automated through Property Management Systems in an efficient and effectual manner. This reduces non merely the adult male power, besides reduces errors when handled manually. ( Shekhar, 2008 ) A GDS may be defined as a computerised reserve system easing the sale of cordial reception merchandises and services chiefly to organisational purchasers such as travel agents. The four major planetary distribution systems today are Sabre, Galileo, Amadeus and universe span.. The larger cordial reception suppliers like concatenation of hotels, auto leases, bet oning operations are connected to each GDS through an expensive nexus or interface. The travel agent straight contacts the stock list provider via GDS and smaller agents who ca nt afford such a big disbursal connect through a switch to the GDS. A switch is defined as a individual electronic connexion through which a cordial reception suppliers must go through through before being connected to the GDS. Most people summon up the images of an on-line travel site such as Expedia, Orbitz or Travelocity when they think of booking any travel constituent over the cyberspace. These online travel sites are referred to as third- party web sites. They serve as mediators. The electronic pattern that facilitates purchase of cordial reception merchandises and services by client is referred to as Internet Distribution systems ( IDS ) . ( Tranter, Hill-Stuart, A ; Parker, 2009 ) 5. Review ON STRATEGIES Traditional Booking Schemes: Booking Schemes are non favorable for an organisation as it concentrated merely on gross non the net income. Therefore lead to gross loss. These schemes did nt let the hotels to concentrate on other ways and methods to advance and publicize their belongings. Thus it bound the heads of the executives merely to gross gaining. Pricing schemes: These schemes followed a demand based policies. They ever followed the tenancy rates to repair the monetary values pretermiting other of import factors. These types of schemes where non wide plenty to cover the full spectrum cost factor. No-Preference Scheme: These schemes followed merely one regulation of first come foremost serve . But these schemes have a large disadvantage of giving no penchant to it loyal and regular clients who must hold lead to negligence feel in a client s head. Discounting: Selling the merchandise at lower rates which attracts more figure of clients makes this scheme really of import as it makes easy for the client to easy afford those products.. Competitive Analysis: These schemes created humdrum in the market as the hotels used to follow the same tendencies and used to offer same sort of installations to the invitees. This prevents the invitee to see something different even though have passing powers. Contemporary Channel Management Schemes: These schemes help the hotel, organisation and house to investing in the right channel to acquire maximal gross gaining in return. This is most appropriate scheme harmonizing to me a hotel should follow to maximise its gross earning. Entire Revenue Management: These schemes help the hotel to concentrate on gross gaining from other beginnings besides as gross direction is non restricted to room merely. Now yearss there are assorted other installations besides provided by the hotels to pull invitees like shopping Centre, Spa and other retail mercantile establishment. Thus it helps in catching more figure of clients at one time. Market Blending schemes: It helps the hotel to happen out what type of patronage prefers their belongings more. Thus it helps to heighten their service in their bulk of the patronage by supplying assorted other installations and services which are good and utile for patronage. Bundling Schemes: Not all belongingss can pull clients to their extra installations and services. Thus these schemes help the hotels to better the capablenesss of its extra on services. This can be done in several ways by adding these services in bundle being given to the invitee as it will be difficult for the invitee to find the single monetary value. Rate Fencing schemes: These schemes follow simple tendency of giving something excess to invitees which in any instance is loved by the invitees. These simple schemes helps in pulling more of invitees therefore is really good for an organisation, hotel or a house. Up merchandising: These Schemes can merely be possible if the hotel staff if convincing plenty to inquire the guest to pay more. If there is a stiff invitees he/she might non be convinced by the staff therefore in that instance it is non possible. Thus staff members should hold good and clear communicating accomplishments and converting powers. 6. FUTURE TRENDS IN REVENUE MANAGEMENT In future gross direction will be used to heighten the capablenesss of gross direction professionals. There will be more of focal point on entire gross direction alternatively of room gross. There will be more of publicities and heavy discounting ensuing in 3rd party channels wars. Hoteliers will be able to do record and analyze societal platforms as a critical constituent of gross direction leveraging the bid of tools that assists in pull offing the sites of consumer reappraisal and other forums. Automated gross direction engineering will go the chief tool which can ensue in addition in the gross and the return on investing for those who will follow it. More attending on guest satisfaction. Schemes will be more clients centric. In future the gross direction will compromise of a development of the information as an plus which help in doing determination in future. 7. Case STUDY: La Costa Golf Resort and Spa Caught between the stones above the ocean is a nailing continuously with its narrow green tattered flag windswept relentless. Just behind the 18th Hole Clubhouse is the picturesque golf class, people merely name the drops. It is located in San Diego ( U.S.A ) . Hole 19 is a saloon where invitees can hold traditional drinks accompanied by the olfactory property of all right Cognac, cigars and a wood fire. There are some installations which attracts batch of people are as follows: ( Tranter, Hill-Stuart, A ; Parker, 2009 ) Physical Facilities 18 holes of golf along the ocean seashore Driving Scope The class is received for members merely on the weekend and unfastened to the populace on Monday through Thursday Clubhouse with eating house, tavern, leases, and the retail ware. Indoor event infinite and lasting outdoor collapsible shelter Golf carts with planetary placement system on board Full-service watering place Barber store and salon Media room Golf clinic with video recording of swing and seting techniques Servicess Breakfast Lunch Dinner On-course drink and bite carts Cocktails Saturday- flushing societal events Providing Event-planning services Full scope of watering place merchandises and services Haircutting and titling Golf ware runing from nines to places Golf cart lease Golf lessons Video analysis of swing and seting public presentation Time period used for analysis September and October. Booking Pace and pattern In the hebdomad for the hebdomad for members, within the month for weekday tee times made by the general populace, three to six months for tourneies and corporate groups. Channelss presently used Clubhouse telephone and web sites, direct mail to members, publicizing in country publications, one-year spread in Golf Digest with tear out information card, links with local hotels and touristry organisation. Monetary values Per 18 hole unit of ammunition of golf: Annual Membership: $ 75,000 yearly and $ 25 per members per unit of ammunition. Corporate Membership: $ 150,000 yearly and $ 45 per employees per unit of ammunition. Non-members: Quartets before midday and after 5 Autopsy: $ 360 ; Noon: $ 24. Cart lease included with rank. Non-member fee $ 15 per twenty-four hours. Lessons and picture analysis: $ 65 per hr Club Leases: $ 35 per twenty-four hours. It is hard, if non impossible, to acquire a tee clip before 11 AM during the summer. Play slows down a spot in the autumn, with significantly more tee times available early in the hebdomad. This is a popular class of carry oning concern and many of the local corporations maintain corporate ranks. Visitors to the neighbouring hotels and resorts are able to buy unit of ammunition of golf within a resort and diversion bundles sold by both the belongingss and collapsible shelter is popular topographic point for marrying responses and household reunions. Seventy per centum of the golf players playing the class are work forces over the age of 40. ( Tranter, Hill-Stuart, A ; Parker, 2009 ) Possible Schemes: The nine needs to switch the extra demand to the less busy tee times in the center of the twenty-four hours. Particular inducements could be offered during the weekdays in the autumn and price reductions could be offered midday twelvemonth unit of ammunition to local occupants. The scheme here is to switch demand to slower clip periods. The tactics are to offer inducements or price reductions in the local market. The nine needs to capture more of adult females participants. Possibly get down a conference on Sunday or adding ladies apparel in the pro-shop, supplying women- merely golf clinics and offering mid-afternoons refreshments on the patio. The nine can besides make a green tea bundle uniting a unit of ammunition of golf with a intervention at the watering place. The nine needs to increase its gaining control of both leisure and concern travelers remaining at local hotels. It should plan a more attractive bundle and increase its committee to the local hotels and resorts to bring on the forepart office and gross revenues sections to sell more bundles. The scheme here is to increase gaining control of sing golf players. The maneuver here is to make and sharply market bundles with the local hotels and resorts. It is clip for the nine to get down beging new members. One manner to pull golf players is to offer discounted golf lessons and clinics to local high schools and colleges. The nine can patronize local school golf squad to derive acknowledgment in the community. And it could develop a junior golf conference. Strategy here is to pull local and immature golf players. Tacticss included is to supply discounted golf lessons and clinics, patronizing a local golf school nine and developing a junior golf conference. The catering sections need to happen new beginnings of meetings and event concern during the hebdomad. It may make one-year autumn tourney. It should offer Sunday brunch to the groups its marrying response grosss on its extremum summer day of the months. The scheme here is to increase the gross of catering section. The tactic include adding a autumn golf tourney, making a Sunday brunch for persons and groups and optimising grosss from summer nuptialss. 8. Review Possible Consequences: In the first case, allow s presume that the nine turns off merely two groups each forenoon due to miss of early forenoon tee times. If it were able to capture these groups by offering extra inducements for a noon unit of ammunition of golf on Monday through Thursdays in September and October, this would ensue in important addition in gross. In the 2nd case, if the beginning of the season of the adult females s golf conference attracted merely four quartets, two of which were composed of members and two of which were composed of non-members, this would bring forth extra grosss per twenty-four hours of $ 920 during peak golf clip and $ 860 during non peak times. Multiply that by 5 months of golf ( about 20 hebdomads ) and this conference would bring forth extra grosss of $ 18,400 golfing during peak hours or $ 13,600 golfing during noon hours. Offering a green tea golf and spa bundle would drive extra adult females s into the nine for an afternoon of golf, watering place, interventions, and company. One bundle for non-members quartet could be priced at $ 599 with a noon tee clip. The same could be priced for member at $ 399 per individual. If merely 10 bundles sold per hebdomad, five at each monetary value, this would bring forth an extra $ 4990 per hebdomad, $ 19,960 per month and $ 99,800 over the 20 hebdomads golf season. In this instance, allow s presume that the golf nine offers the hotels and resorts a committee of $ 25 for each golf bundle sold. Some belongingss permit the clerk and gross revenues individual selling the bundle to retain $ 25 as a fillip. If all the local hotels or resorts combined to sell merely one peak clip bundle six twenty-four hours per hebdomad ( Saturdays are normally booked ) and one noon box each twenty-four hours of the hebdomad, that represents an extra 13 packager per hebdomad. Using non-member monetary values, the six peak clip bundles would bring forth $ 2,160 per hebdomad and noon bundle would bring forth $ 1,680 per hebdomad. Combined, this is $ 3,840 per hebdomad. Removing the committee paid to the hotel and this still represents an extra $ 3,190 in gross per hebdomad. Multiply that with 20 hebdomads and the bundle generates $ 63,800 in gross per season to the nine. If we double the gross at least $ 125,000 per season. In the 4th scenario, adolescents and schools are normally a spot hapless for hard currency. The nine should cut down its rates for junior conference golf players. These younger golf players have more staying powers and seen to boom in the heat, so all junior conference would take topographic point in the noon during the hebdomad. If these unit of ammunitions are priced at 50 % off the noon fee of $ 240, each unit of ammunition of the golf would be $ 120 or merely $ 30 per participant for non-members. So eight unit of ammunitions peers to $ 960 per hebdomad and multiplying $ 960 with 20 hebdomads would bring forth $ 19,200 to the nine. The cost to bring forth each participant is $ 1000 with 75 % fees traveling to charity and other 255 traveling to club for tournament operations. So the enrollment fees would bring forth $ 12000 as tonss of people registries. Out of which $ 9000 would travel for charity and $ 3000 would travel to the nine. If 500 tickets are sold each twenty-four hours for two yearss it will bring forth an extra $ 25000 each for the charity and the nine. If we look at the possible grosss that may be generated by a Sunday brunch. Bruch would be priced at $ 28.75 per individual and nine house will function 160 screens per Sunday. This will bring forth $ 4,600 in grosss. But if we add 56 screens from private group brunches held in the 10 that would add up to $ 6,210 per

Assets and Social Development

Assets and Social Development Social development theory is aimed at exploring the changes in structure and way of societys functioning to enable it to define its goals and objectives. According to this theory, development of the society is the result of its capacity to manage the resources to overcome challenges and use opportunities. Asset-based social development is related to the tenets of empowerment. It suggests that the key to finding solutions to the problems faced by the society lies in the already existing community assets.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Assets and Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The survey methodology appears to be the most appropriate for this research, as it gives an opportunity to collect a broad range of data and gives extensive flexibility in data analysis due to the unlimited number of questions that can be asked (Gideon, 2012). The first hypothesis in the study will propose that studen ts coming from Latino families had a lack of effective communication about sex with their parents when they were teenagers. Effective communication in this sense is viewed as a trustful discussion of issues vital to the formation of certain attitudes to sexuality. The second hypothesis will test whether the source of information received by a teenager about sex within a family affects his sexual behaviour in the future. The study will also aid as a stepping stone for further research in the social work tackling the sexual behaviour of teenagers based on the activities aimed at promoting the parents awareness of the importance of building an effective communication about sex issues with the children. This chapter brings out the research topic and the examination of the impact of the quality of communication between parents and children about sex on the sexual behaviour of teenagers and the behavioural patterns related to informing the children about sexual issues typical for Latino f amilies. The chapter also demonstrates the significance of the purpose of the study to contribute to the understanding of the relation between home sexual education and sexual behavioural patterns. In addition, this chapter will help guide the literature review about studies exploring the importance of sexual education within a family and its influence on the sexual behaviours of teenagers.Advertising Looking for dissertation on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Assets and Social Development. Social development theory can help to reveal the roots of such phenomenon related to the topic of the research as teen pregnancy and unsafe sex among teenagers. As this theory focuses on identification of factors guiding certain social changes, it is useful for determining the causes of different social phenomena, as showed by studies by Siau and Long (2006). The usage of social development theory can be applied t o the issue of family sexual education as well. The assets-based approach helps to suggest the potential steps necessary for overcoming teen pregnancies and unsafe sex with the help of already existing social asset – family units. Sanders, Lankenau, and Jackson-Bloom (2010) reveal the methodology of conducting surveys aimed at revealing the roots of the risky sexual behaviour of Latino youth and contributing to the effectiveness of interventions addressing this phenomenon. Cultural beliefs include those stereotypes and widely-accepted behavioral patterns that are affected by traditional and religious views of the Latino population. Though this concept has some positive features within romantic relationships, it has deleterious features, including dominance and sexual prowess, within a framework of sexual behavior (Kassab et al., 2014). Machismo defines masculinity as an ability to seduce a woman, and therefore, praises frequent sexual relations with different partners (Raffae lli Iturbide, 2009). While the cultural background of Latino youth creates the stereotypes promoting the inclination of male adolescents to have many sexual relations, the religious background related to the positions of Catholic Church contributes to the popularity of stereotype considering protected sexual relations inappropriate.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on Assets and Social Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Young, Turner, Danny, and Young (2004) also concluded that poverty resulting in the lower educational level of the parents is one of the factors typical for the population experiencing teen pregnancy. Low income appears to have a significant influence on the risk of having unsafe sexual relationships leading to teen pregnancy. Mehra, Kyagaba, Ostergren, and Agardh (2014) conducted a study that revealed the significant association between poor academic performance and inconsistent condom use. The analysis of relevant literature related to the investigated issue reveals that more research is needed to determine the roots of the risky sexual behaviour of Latino youth resulting in teen pregnancies and develop an effective scheme of reducing such negative tendencies. The Questionnaires presented in this chapter, and the description of the procedure related to their usage will help to understand the main issues of sexual education addressed during the research and the methods of analysis of the results. The instruments used in the study include several questionnaires aimed at revealing the participants attitudes and experience related to sexual education. The first part is borrowed from a previous research and consists of 17 issues that need to be analyzed in terms of the source of the information about them (mother, father, friends, media, school sexual education, and religious institution). The second part is also borrowed from the previous research and includes 60 st atements that need to be rated according to the source of receiving such messages (parents, friends, media, school, religion). The third part is created by the author of the study and includes two open-ended questions with the variants of answers. The fourth part is created by the author of the study and includes four open-ended questions with the variants of answers. The fifth part is created by the author and includes four topics that need to be rated based on the involvement of parents in the discussion. The sixth part is borrowed from the previous research and includes eight questions related to the demographic information.Advertising Looking for dissertation on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Gideon, L. (2012). Handbook of survey methodology for social sciences, New York: Springer Science. Kassab, V. A., Acevedo-Polakovich, I., Grzybowskil, M., Stout, S., Richards, A., Barnett, M.,†¦Saxena, S. (2014). Views on sex and sex education among gang-involved Latino youth in the United States. Qualitative Health Research, 24(5), 654-664. Retrieved from http://qhr.sagepub.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/content/24/5/654.full.pdf+html Mehra, D., Kyagaba, E., Ostergren, P.-O., Agardh, A. (2014). Association between self-reported academic performance and risky sexual behaviour among Ugandan University students- A cross sectional study. Global Journal of Health Science6(4), 183-195. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/1540953417/fulltextPDF?accountid=458 Raffaelli, M., Iturbide, M.I. (2009). Sexuality and sexual risk behaviors among Latino adolescents and young adults. In F. A. Villarruel, G. Carlo, J. M. Grau, M. Azmitia, N. J. C abrera, T. J. Chahin (Eds.), Handbook of U.S. Latino psychology: Developmental and community-based perspectives (pp. 399–414). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sanders, B., Lankenau, S., Jackson-Bloom, J. (2010). Putting in work: Qualitative research on substance use and other risk behaviours among gang youth in Los Angeles. Substance Use Misuse, 45, 736-753. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=01418712-2fb4-4cfb-9005-5b0764e48dba%40sessionmgr111vid=3hid=124 Siau, K., Long, Y. (2006). Using social development lenses to understand e-government development. Journal of Global Information Management, 14(1), 47-62. Retrieved from igi-global.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/gateway/article/full-text-pdf/3634 Young, T., Turner, J., Danny, G., Young, M. (2004). Examining external and internal poverty as antecedents of teen pregnancy. American Journal of Health Behaviour, 28(4), 361-373. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.co ntentproxy.phoenix.edu/docview/211842179/fulltextPDF?accountid=458

Mathematics Curriculum in the US Research Paper

Mathematics Curriculum in the US - Research Paper Example As people compete in the modern century, they stand on the main changes threshold in the United States curriculum of mathematics education. This paper seeks to identify some of the main changes in the mathematic curriculum in the US and highlight how teachers will make some adjustments in their teaching styles to accommodate these drastic changes. Discussion An increasing anxiety in the US concerning the mathematics education state is evident. The challenge is evident in the poor USlearners’ performance on different global evaluations. People have assumed that they only require one established mathematical skill body in preparation of the twenty first century careers. This assumption has led to increased anxiety. The reality is; diverse mathematics skills sets are crucial foundation for various careers. Therefore, the current mathematics skills must be altered and reshaped to reflect such fact. The fundamental premises of this discussion is that mathematic curriculum in the Un ited States is and has been undergoing drastic changes in the recent past and teachers must restructure the curriculum of mathematics in the United States - in terms of methods of teaching and the content of their teaching materials- to be competent and competitive in the modern world. Therefore, if students are to develop current mathematic knowledge and confidence in order to utilize that knowledge – and be individually and professionally competitive and competent in the 21st century - teachers and instructors have a crucial role to play in reshaping their tactic and techniques to fit and adjust to the constantly changing mathematic curriculum of the US. This restructuring entails a lot more than just inventing new teaching materials or retaining educators, (Russell, Corwin, Mokros, Friel & Stone, 1992). Similarly, changing some parts is insufficient, what is needed is a total reshaping or redesigning of the school content of mathematics curriculum, as well as the teaching methods. Some of the main changes in the US mathematic curriculum The crucial changes include first alterations in the mathematical operations requirements. As the US economy adapts to the current information era requirements, workforce in all sectors such as hotel secretaries and clerks, travel agents, mechanics of automobiles and many others should learn to explain and interpret competently modern IT controlled procedures. Various jobs presently need analytical and not peculiar mechanical knowledge and skills, therefore, all learners require increasingly mathematical intelligent in colleges as a preparation for such opportunities. In addition, the intensive utilization of financial, graphical, and statistical information in everyday magazines, and public media and debates demands increased quantitative literacy standards for efficient engagement in democratic community, (Russell, 1997). In the United States, there exists a shift towards the standards of common core, demanding an c ombined and an increasingly comprehensive mathematics curriculum. Even though, United States has witnessed a complete sample paper, it is clear that increasingly multi-dimensional queries will be extremely based on problem-solving standards, requiring the learners to utilize various skills to attain various solutions. Such a new move is increasingly encouraged, but from the perspective of teachers, such a change must be carefully introduced. To attain successful outcomes, the new questioning style must aid students realize where maths is applied in daily life. This is crucial chance to change the pseudocontext tradition of textbooks, whereby fake actual world samples contain a mathematical query. Common core evaluations and other functional knowledge present a crucial opportunity to indicate the mathematics